本篇同樣在探討navigation的年齡差異,還有使用VE與cognitive test的結果關聯性,但比較特別的是討論到hippocampus與extrahippocampus等結構之間的整合或個別功能對於navigation能力的貢獻。和2002年同樣使用vMWM,程序內容也大致相同,另外也用MRI來測量許多腦區的體積,以及各種認知測驗(可分為speed of processing, working memory, spatial memory, executive control四大功能)。
我覺得比較特別或有疑惑的有以下幾點:
1. 因為本群老人受試者高血壓 (H/T) 罹患比率高(47.22%),所以特別將H/T老人與無H/T老人做比較,發現H/T老人在本研究所關注的所有腦區體積都比較小,而且他們的vMWM表現也比較差(尚未達顯著差異,但有此傾向)。不過他們沒有提到把H/T老人排除掉後,無H/T老人與年輕人的比較為何。但是看來H/T在此佔一項很重要的角色,如果H/T會導致老人大部分的腦區體積減少,那是不是很多老化所造成的功能退化都跟它有關呢?它的影響比例又有多少呢?(PS.我國65歲以上高血壓盛行率為56.6%)(國民健康局)
2. 從MRI來看,lateral prefrontal cortex gray matter, prefrontal white matter& caudate nucleus等的體積與navigation skill有正相關,反而是hippocampus的體積與老人的表現沒有相關(但跟年輕人的表現還是有相關)。所以說navigation skill是由許多區域貢獻而成,除了spatial memory, working memory還有executive function, processing speed等功能。可是hippocampus的結果比較出乎意料之外,因為這跟以往動物研究結果有出入,而且為何會有年輕人跟老年人的差異?作者有提出兩組人所使用策略不同的假設:年輕的會使用place strategy(hippocampus),但老年的則使用response strategy(extra hippocampus),但是似乎還是不能解釋……
3.還有一點,還記得在2002年那篇文章有提到perceputual/motor能力的影響,是利用visible platform評估,在這篇也是利用同樣的方法,當時有提到這個trial放在最後做可能會因前面的練習而導致差異降低,但是現在這篇好似也是放在最後才做,不知道為什麼沒有挪到learning trials之前做呢?
2 comments:
This is an excellent example of comments on the "target" article.
1. High blood pressure can be a result of many different causes. Some of them are related to basical biological reasons, some are more cognitive. It is thus difficult to draw conclusion about the role of high blood pressure in the processes of spatial navigation. It's a good point that Moffat et al (2007) should have compare the result of non-H/T senior with the young group. The results can be informative.
2. It is not that surprising that animal model cannot predict the functional brain areas of behaviors in human beings, especially when the animal model is based on rats rather than primates. There should be a lot of structural and functional imaging papers on human beings discussing spatial navigation. You may want to do a careful search of the literature to see if other researchers also find that hippocamus volume does not predict elderly's spatial navigation ability.
3. Can you think of any problem doing the visible platform task before learning trials? Would that result in any confounds?
3.我的想法是把visible platform trial放在pracitce trial& learning trial之間,目前還沒想到這樣做有什麼缺點。不過在2001(age difference in spatial memory in a virtual environment navigation task)之中,受試者必須經過搖桿操控速度限制的考驗,方得繼續參與learning trial(當然失敗的都是老年受試者),這樣做的目的是排除那些有明顯visuomotor障礙的受試者,如果在本實驗中利用同樣的步驟呢?
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